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Conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs aim to reduce poverty by making welfare programs conditional upon the receivers' actions. The government (or a charity) only transfers the money to persons who meet certain criteria. These criteria may include enrolling children into public schools, getting regular check-ups at the doctor's office, receiving vaccinations, or the like. CCTs are unique in seeking to help the current generation in poverty, as well as breaking the cycle of poverty for the next through the development of human capital. ==Countries== Conditional cash transfers exist in the following countries, among many others: * Bangladesh: Female Secondary School Assistance Project, established in 1994. This CCT program, conditional only on school attendance and girls remaining unmarried, provides tuition and stipends.〔"Safety Nets and Transfers: CCT Program Profile - Bangladesh." World Bank. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTSOCIALPROTECTION/EXTSAFETYNETSANDTRANSFERS/0,,contentMDK:22060179~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:282761~isCURL:Y,00.html〕 * Brazil: Bolsa Família (formerly Bolsa Escola) started in the 1990s and expanded rapidly in 2001 and 2002. It provides monthly cash payments to poor households if their school-aged children (between the ages of 6 and 15) are enrolled in school, and if their younger children (under age 6) have received vaccinations.〔Glewwe, Paul; Kassouf, Ana Lucia. "The Impact of the Bolsa Escola/Familia Conditional Cash Transfer Program on Enrollment, Drop Out Rates and Grade Promotion in Brazil." August 2010〕〔"Can Conditional Cash Transfers Reduce Poverty and Crime? Evidence from Brazil". https://espe.conference-services.net/resources/321/2907/pdf/ESPE2012_0273_paper.pdf〕 * Cambodia: Cambodia Education Sector Support Project, established in 2005, is conditional on attendance and maintaining passing grades.〔"Safety Nets and Transfers: CCT Program Profile - Cambodia." World Bank. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTSOCIALPROTECTION/EXTSAFETYNETSANDTRANSFERS/0,,contentMDK:22060636~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:282761~isCURL:Y,00.html〕 * Chile: ''Chile Solidario'', established in 2002,〔Gustavo Nigenda, Maria Gonzalez-Robledo:(Lessons offered by Latin America's cash transfer programs ), Mexican Health Foundation, Centre for Social and Economic Analysis, 2005, accessed on March 22, 2009〕 requires the family to sign a contract to meet 53 specified minimum conditions seen as necessary to overcome extreme poverty. In exchange, they receive from the state psychosocial support, protection bonds, guaranteed cash subsidies, and preferential access to skill development, work and social security programmes.〔Palma, Julieta; Urzúa, Raúl. "Anti-poverty Policies and Citizenry: the Chile Solidario Experience." UNESCO Management of Social Transformations Policy Papers/12. Department of Public Policy. Institute of Public Affairs. University of Chile.〕 * Colombia: ''Familias en Acción'',〔 established in 2002, is a conditional cash transfer programme, very similar to the Mexican PROGRESA/Oportunidades, consisting of cash transfers to poor families conditional on children attending school and meeting basic preventive health care requirements.〔"Evaluation of Familias en Acción." Institute for Fiscal Studies. http://www.ifs.org.uk/projects/86〕 * Egypt: Program Minhet El-Osra, began in 2009, currently being piloted in an urban slum in Cairo, Ain Es-Sira, and 65 villages in rural Upper Egypt by the Egyptian Ministry of Social Solidarity * Guatemala: Mi Familia Progresa, established April 16, 2008, is a conditional cash transfer program that is intended to provide financial support to families living in poverty and extreme poverty and who have children age 0 to 15 years and/or pregnant women or nursing mothers who live mainly in rural and marginal areas of the peripheries of urban centers (cities).〔"Mi familia Progresa." http://mifamiliaprogresa.gob.gt/〕 * Honduras: The Family Allowance Program (PRAF II) created in 1998 was based on the PRAF I program created in 1990.〔IFPRI: (The cost of poverty alleviation transfer programs ), accessed on April 8, 2010〕 The Family Allowance Program, PRAF, founded in 1990 as a social compensation program of the government of the Republic of Honduras.〔"PROGRAMA DE ASIGNACIÓN FAMILIAR (PRAF)." Gobierno de Unidad Nacional. http://www.praf.hn/ Domingo, 4 de marzo de 2012〕〔Galiani, Sebastian, and Patrick J. McEwan. "The heterogeneous impact of conditional cash transfers." Working Paper, Washington University in St. Louis, November 2011. http://www.povertyactionlab.org/evaluation/conditional-cash-transfer-honduras〕 * Indonesia: Program Keluarga Harapan and Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat-Generasi Sehat dan Cerdas, both established in 2007. The Program Keluarga Harapan is a household CCT program, while Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat is a community-based CCT program. They are focused on reducing poverty, maternal mortality, and child mortality and providing universal coverage of basic education.〔Damayanti, Arie (LPEM FEUI, Jakarta), Moeis, Jossy P. (LPEM FEUI, Jakarta), Sparrow, Robert (ISS, The Hague), Herawati, Yulia (World Bank Office, Jakarta). "Program Keluarga Harapan and PNPM-Generasi Baseline Survey – Preliminary Findings." World Bank. January 24, 2008〕 * Jamaica: Programme of Advancement Through Health and Education (PATH), administered by the Ministry of Labour and Social Security,〔 is a conditional cash transfer (CCT) programme. It provides cash transfers to poor families, who are subject to comply with conditions that promote the development of the human capital of their members. PATH was created in 2001, as part of a wide-ranging reform of the welfare system carried out by the government of Jamaica.〔Ayala, Francisco. "The Programme for Advancement through Health and Education (PATH), Jamaica Inter-Regional Inequality Facility Policy Briefs 4, February 2006." Overseas Development Institute.〕 * Mexico: Oportunidades is the principal anti-poverty program of the Mexican government. (The original name of the program was Progresa; it was changed in 2002.) Oportunidades focuses on helping poor families in rural and urban communities invest in human capital—improving the education, health, and nutrition of their children.〔"Mexico’s Oportunidades Program." SHANGHAI POVERTY CONFERENCE: CASE STUDY SUMMARY. World Bank. http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/reducingpoverty/case/119/summary/Mexico-Oportunidades%20Summary.pdf〕〔Attanasio, Orazio P., Costas Meghir, and Ana Santiago. 2011. "Education Choices in Mexico: Using a Structural Model and a Randomized Experiment to Evaluate PROGRESA." Review of Economic Studies 79: 37-66. http://www.povertyactionlab.org/evaluation/impact-financial-incentives-school-participation-mexico〕〔Angelucci, Manuela, Giacomo de Giorgi, Marcos A. Rangel, and Imran Rasul. 2010. "Family Networks and School Enrolment: Evidence from a Randomized Social Experiment." Journal of Public Health Economics 94:197-221. http://www.povertyactionlab.org/evaluation/family-networks-and-schooling-outcomes-mexico〕 The Progresa program was one of the first large-scale conditional cash transfer programs.〔http://www.jstor.org/stable/20065413〕〔http://web.worldbank.org/archive/website00819C/WEB/PDF/CASE_-62.PDF〕 * Nicaragua: The Social Protection Network, established in 2000 and implemented by the Social Emergency Fund (FISE),〔 was terminated in 2005.〔Moore, Charity. “Nicaragua’s Red de Proteccion Social: An Exemplary but Short-lived Conditional Cash Transfer Program.” International Policy Center for Inclusive Growth, no.17, (2009): 1-42.〕 * Panama: ''Red de Oportunidades'' is a program implemented by the Government of Panama to the population under 18 to provide them access to health services and education.〔"Opportunities Network: Impact on Child Labor." Republic of Panama. MINISTRY OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT. October 2007. http://white.oit.org.pe/ipec/documentos/tmc_panama.pdf〕 * Peru: ''Juntos'' was established in 2005. The program provides a monthly dividend to mothers (married or single) living in extreme poverty. Mothers can only qualify for the program if they send their children to school and take them for regular medical checkups.〔"Juntos Program and Corda Technologies Improve the Lives of Peruvian Children and Their Families." Government of Peru Juntos Program. http://www.corda.com/company/resources/case_study/peru-juntos.pdf〕 * Philippines: Department of Social Welfare and Development — Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program, is a social development strategy of the national government that provides conditional cash grants to extremely poor households to improve their health, nutrition and education particularly of children age 0-14.〔"Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program." Department of Social Welfare and Development. http://pantawid.dswd.gov.ph/index.php/home〕 * Turkey: Şartlı Nakit Transferi (ŞNT), established in 2003 and it is still being implemented by the General Directorate of Social Assistance (GDSA: Sosyal Yardımlar Genel Müdürlüğü). * United States of America: Opportunity NYC. ONYC ended on August 31, 2010. The program built on the conceptual framework and success of international conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs and was the first major CCT initiative implemented in the United States. The principal objective of Opportunity NYC Family Rewards was to test the impact of monetary incentives on children’s education, family health and adults’ workforce outcomes.〔"Opportunity NYC: Family Rewards." http://www.opportunitynyc.net/〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「conditional cash transfer」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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